🧪 Urine Analysis
1. Physical Signs 👁️
🎨 Color
🔴 Red or cola red color may indicate:
• Hemoglobin
• Myoglobin (not common)
• Rifampicin
🩸 RBCs
5 HPF indicates hematuria
Dysmorphic RBCs suggest glomerular origin (nephritis)
Most common cause: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)
🔬 Protein
📊 24-hour protein measurements:
Normal: 150 mg/dl/1.73m²/24hrs
Nephrotic range: >3.5 gm/dl/1.73 m²/24hrs
Protein-creatinine ratio (early morning) >0.2 mg/mg is significant
🧮 BSA calculation: weight × height ÷ 3600
🔍 Other Parameters
🍯 Glucose
🔋 Ketone bodies: Present in running, fever, dehydration
🟡 Bilirubin: Dark urine suggests obstructive jaundice