🧪 Urine Analysis

1. Physical Signs 👁️

🎨 Color

• 🔴 Red or cola red color may indicate:
• • Hemoglobin
• • Myoglobin (not common)
• • Rifampicin

🩸 RBCs

• 5 HPF indicates hematuria

• Dysmorphic RBCs suggest glomerular origin (nephritis) Most common cause: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)

🔬 Protein

• 📊 24-hour protein measurements:
• Normal: 150 mg/dl/1.73m²/24hrs
• Nephrotic range: >3.5 gm/dl/1.73 m²/24hrs
• Protein-creatinine ratio (early morning) >0.2 mg/mg is significant

🧮 BSA calculation: weight × height ÷ 3600

🔍 Other Parameters

• 🍯 Glucose
• 🔋 Ketone bodies: Present in running, fever, dehydration
• 🟡 Bilirubin: Dark urine suggests obstructive jaundice